Transistores 4 D1047 4 B817E 6 A1015 4 TIP41C 4 TIP42C
1 transformador de 33x33v 12 Amp.
Resistencias Varios 10 Diodos 1N4004 4 Diodos P600J 2 bobinas de 10 espiras con núcleo de 1/4 de pulgada y alambre 18.
4 R6.8 ohmios- 1W (azul, gris, dorado) 4 R100 ohmios- 1W (cafe, negro, cafe) 4 R18K- 1/2W (cafe, gris, naranja) 2 R1K-1/2W (cafe negro, rojo) 4 R10ohmios- 1W (cafe, negro, negro) 2 R270 ohmios- 1/2W (rojo, violeta, cafe) 2 R10K- 1/2W (cafe, negro, naranja) 2 R330 ohmios- 1/2W (naranja, naranja, cafe) 2 R56ohmios- 1/2W (Verde, azul, negro) 2 R27ohmios- 1W (rojo, violeta, negro) 2 R820 ohmios- 1/2W (gris, rojo, cafe) 8 R 0.47 ohmios- 5W
Condensadores 4 C0.1 uF- 100v 2 C47 uF-63v 2 C2.2 uF- 100v 2 C330 pF (cerámico) 2 C4700 uF- 63v (entre mas altos mejor)
Circuit Notes:
This circuit uses just two CMOS IC's, a 4011 quad 2 input NAND gate, and a 4020 14-stage ripple binary counter. At switch on R2 and C2 provide a brief reset pulse, which will ensure the output pin Q1 of the 4020 is high. Gates U1 and U2 form a simple astable R1 and C1 determining the timing period. The tolerances of capacitors vary widely, so for more control, you may use a 470n capacitor for C1 and use a fixed 3.3M resistor in series with a 250k preset for R1. A timing period of just less than 1.76seconds is required.
The output of the oscillator at U2 drives the input of the 14-stage ripple counter, U3.
The outputs divide sequentially by two and the output signal is taken from Q13, requiring 2048 input pulses before the signal becomes high.
When the ouput Q13 goes high, the output sounder will become active. Gate U4 of the 4011 is used to "modulate" the output sounder. As U4 is also connected to the output of U2, the output sounder will turn on and off at the same rate as the oscillator.
Suitable output sounders can be found at Maplin Electronicspart code KU56L or CR34M. These are self contained DC piezo buzzers, requiring 10mA at 12V DC but work with supply voltages from 3 to 15 Volts DC.
The graph below is from the simulation version of this circuit. In the simulated version I have tapped the output of the CMOS4020 at Q5, therefore only 8 input pulses from the oscillator (shown in green trace) are required before the Q5 output switches to high (shown as blue trace).
The top waveform in red, is the output across the output sounder. As can be seen, this output is switched on and off as long as the output pin, Q5 is active. To simulate the sounder, I have used a fixed resistor.
Calibration:
Here comes the maths. One hour or 3600 seconds divided by 2048 pulses (Q13) requires a timed period of 1.7578 seconds. The timing for a CMOS oscillator, varies with supply voltage, but is approximately 1.1 RC. To acheive the timed period, C1 is 0.47u and R1 is made from a fixed 3.3M resistor in series with a 250k
preset.
To adjust this value, connect a low current LED and dixed 2.2k resitor to the output of IC2. The LED should illuminate on each pulse. Adjust the 250k preset until the LED flashes about 34 times per minute (60/34 = 1.76s). If you would like to use this a parking meter timer, then set the unit to trigger before the hour is up or start the timer before you feed the meter to allow extra time.
adjusted by a potentiometer.
With values given the frequency can be adjusted from a few Hz to several Khz.
To get very low frequencies replace the 0.01uF capacitor with a higher value.
The formula to calculate the frequency is given by:
1/f = 0.69 * C * ( R1 + 2*R2)
The duty cycle is given by:
% duty cycle = 100*(R1+R2)/(R1+ 2*R2)
In order to ensure a 50% (approx.) duty ratio, R1 should be very small when compared to R2. But R1
should be no smaller than 1K. A good choice would be, R1 in kilohms and R2 in megaohms. You can then
select C to fix the range of frequencies.
এটি একটি খুব সহজ সার্কিট যা 555 টাইমার আইসি ব্যবহার করে ফ্রিকোয়েন্সির বর্গাকার তরঙ্গ তৈরি করে যা
একটি পোটেনশিওমিটার দ্বারা সামঞ্জস্য করা যেতে পারে।প্রদত্ত মান অনুসারে ফ্রিকোয়েন্সি কয়েক Hz থেকে কয়েক Khz এ সামঞ্জস্য করা যেতে পারে।
খুব কম ফ্রিকোয়েন্সি পেতে 0.01uF ক্যাপাসিটরকে একটি উচ্চ মানের সাথে প্রতিস্থাপন করুন।
ফ্রিকোয়েন্সি গণনা করার সূত্রটি নিম্নরূপ:
1/f = 0.69 * C * ( R1 + 2*R2)
শুল্ক চক্র নিম্নরূপ:
% শুল্ক চক্র = 100*(R1+R2)/(R1+ 2*R2)
50% (প্রায়) শুল্ক অনুপাত নিশ্চিত করার জন্য, R2 এর তুলনায় R1 খুব ছোট হওয়া উচিত। কিন্তু R1
1K এর চেয়ে কম হওয়া উচিত নয়। একটি ভাল পছন্দ হবে, R1 কিলোহমে এবং R2 মেগাওহমে। তারপর আপনি
ফ্রিকোয়েন্সির পরিসর ঠিক করতে C নির্বাচন করতে পারেন।
When activated by pressing a button, this time delay relay will activate a load after a specified amount of
time. This time is adjustable to whatever you want simply by changing the value of a resistor and/or
capacitor. The current capacity of the circuit is only limited by what kind of relay you decide to use.
Parts:
C1 See Notes
R1 See Notes
D1 1N914 Diode
U1 4011 CMOS NAND Gate IC
K1 6V Relay
S1 Normally Open Push Button Switch
MISC Board, Wire, Socket For U1
Notes:
1. To calculate the time delay, use the equation R1 * C1 * 0.85=T, where R1 is the value of R1 in Ohms,
C1 is the value of C1 in uF, and T is the time delay in seconds.
2. S1 may be replaced with an NPN transistor so the circuit can be triggered by a computer, other circuits,
etc.
3. Most any 6V relay will work for K1. If you use a large relay, you my need to add a transistor to the
output of the circuit in order to drive the larger load.
সময়। এই সময়টি আপনি যা চান তা কেবল একটি রেজিস্টার এবং/অথবাক্যাপাসিটরের মান পরিবর্তন করে সামঞ্জস্য করতে পারেন। সার্কিটের বর্তমান ক্ষমতা কেবলমাত্র আপনি কোন ধরণের রিলে ব্যবহার করবেন তার উপর সীমাবদ্ধ।
দ্রষ্টব্য:
১. সময় বিলম্ব গণনা করতে, R1 * C1 * 0.85=T সমীকরণটি ব্যবহার করুন, যেখানে R1 হল Ohms-এ R1-এর মান,
C1 হল uF-এ C1-এর মান, এবং T হল সেকেন্ডে সময় বিলম্ব।
২. S1-কে একটি NPN ট্রানজিস্টর দিয়ে প্রতিস্থাপন করা যেতে পারে যাতে সার্কিটটি একটি কম্পিউটার, অন্যান্য সার্কিট,
ইত্যাদি দ্বারা ট্রিগার করা যায়।
৩. বেশিরভাগ 6V রিলে K1-এর জন্য কাজ করবে। আপনি যদি একটি বড় রিলে ব্যবহার করেন, তাহলে বৃহত্তর লোড চালানোর জন্য আপনাকে সার্কিটের
আউটপুটে একটি ট্রানজিস্টর যুক্ত করতে হবে।
Notes:
This timer circuit is similar to the 5 to 30 minute timer except that when switch S1 is closed, the on/off
action of the circuit will continue indefinately until S1 is opened again. A 7555 time and low leakage type
capacitor for C1 must be used. The 6 way rotary switch S3 adds extra resistance in series to the timing
chain with each rotation, minimum resistance point "a" maximum point "f". The 7555 is wired as an equal
mark/space ratio oscillator, the timing resistor chain R1 to R6, being connected back to the output of the
timer at pin 3.The output pulse duration is defined as:-
T = 1.4 R1 C1
This gives on and off times of about 379 seconds for postion "a" of S3 (just over 6 minutes), to about 38
minutes at point "f". The times may of coourse be varied by altering R1 to R6 or C1.
Simple circuitry, low distortion, battery operated
Variable, low impedance output up to 1V RMS
Circuit diagram
Parts:
R1 5K6 1/4W Resistor
R2 1K8 1/4W Resistor
R3,R4 15K 1/4W Resistors
R5 500R 1/2W Trimmer Cermet
R6 330R 1/4W Resistor
R7 470R Linear Potentiometer
C1,C2 10nF 63V Polyester Capacitors
C3 100µF 25V Electrolytic Capacitor
C4 470nF 63V Polyester Capacitor
Q1,Q2 BC238 25V 100mA NPN Transistors
LP1 12V 40mA Lamp (See Notes)
J1 Phono chassis Socket
SW1 SPST Slider Switch
B1 9V PP3
Clip for 9V PP3 Battery
This circuit generates a good 1KHz sinewave using the inverted Wien bridge configuration (C1-R3 & C2
R4). Features a variable output, low distortion and low output impedance in order to obtain good overload
capability. A small filament lamp ensures a stable long term output amplitude waveform. Useful to test the
Audio Millivoltmeter, Audio Power Meter and other audio circuits published in this site.
Notes:
The lamp must be a low current type (12V 40-50mA or 6V 50mA) in order to obtain good long term
stability and low distortion.
Distortion @ 1V RMS output is 0.15% with a 12V 40mA lamp, raising to 0.5% with a 12V 100mA one.
Using a lamp differing from specifications may require a change in R6 value to 220 or 150 Ohms to ensure
proper circuit's oscillation.
Set R5 to read 1V RMS on an Audio Millivoltmeter connected to the output with R7 fully clockwise, or to
view a sinewave of 2.828V Peak-to-Peak on the oscilloscope.
With C1,C2 = 100nF the frequency generated is 100Hz and with C1,C2 = 1nF frequency is 10KHz but R5 is
needing adjustment.
High gain transistors preferred for better performance.
সহজ সার্কিট, কম বিকৃতি, ব্যাটারি চালিত পরিবর্তনশীল, 1V RMS পর্যন্ত কম প্রতিবন্ধকতা আউটপুট সার্কিট ডায়াগ্রাম অংশ: R1 5K6 1/4W রেজিস্টর R2 1K8 1/4W রেজিস্টর R3,R4 15K 1/4W রেজিস্টর R5 500R 1/2W ট্রিমার সার্মেট R6 330R 1/4W রেজিস্টর R7 470R লিনিয়ার পটেনশিওমিটার C1,C2 10nF 63V পলিয়েস্টার ক্যাপাসিটর C3 100µF 25V ইলেক্ট্রোলাইটিক ক্যাপাসিটর C4 470nF 63V পলিয়েস্টার ক্যাপাসিটর Q1,Q2 BC238 25V 100mA NPN ট্রানজিস্টর LP1 12V 40mA ল্যাম্প (নোট দেখুন) J1 ফোনো চ্যাসিস সকেট SW1 SPST স্লাইডার সুইচ B1 9V PP3 ক্লিপ 9V PP3 ব্যাটারির জন্য এই সার্কিটটি ভালো একটি উত্পন্ন করে ইনভার্টেড উইয়েন ব্রিজ কনফিগারেশন (C1-R3 এবং C2 R4) ব্যবহার করে 1KHz সাইনওয়েভ। ভালো ওভারলোড ক্ষমতা অর্জনের জন্য একটি পরিবর্তনশীল আউটপুট, কম বিকৃতি এবং কম আউটপুট প্রতিবন্ধকতা রয়েছে।
একটি ছোট ফিলামেন্ট ল্যাম্প একটি স্থিতিশীল দীর্ঘমেয়াদী আউটপুট প্রশস্ততা তরঙ্গরূপ নিশ্চিত করে। এই সাইটে প্রকাশিত অডিও মিলিভোল্টমিটার, অডিও পাওয়ার মিটার এবং অন্যান্য অডিও সার্কিট পরীক্ষা করার জন্য দরকারী।
দ্রষ্টব্য:
ভালো দীর্ঘমেয়াদী স্থিতিশীলতা এবং কম বিকৃতি পেতে ল্যাম্পটি অবশ্যই একটি কম কারেন্ট টাইপ (12V 40-50mA বা 6V 50mA) হতে হবে। 12V 40mA ল্যাম্পের সাথে 1V RMS আউটপুট @ বিকৃতি 0.15%, 12V 100mA ল্যাম্পের সাথে 0.5% পর্যন্ত বৃদ্ধি পায়। স্পেসিফিকেশন থেকে ভিন্ন ল্যাম্প ব্যবহার করার জন্য সঠিক সার্কিটের দোলন নিশ্চিত করতে R6 মান 220 বা 150 Ohms এ পরিবর্তন করতে হতে পারে। R7 সম্পূর্ণ ঘড়ির কাঁটার দিকে আউটপুটের সাথে সংযুক্ত একটি অডিও মিলিভোল্টমিটারে 1V RMS পড়ার জন্য R5 সেট করুন, অথবা অসিলোস্কোপে 2.828V পিক-টু-পিক সাইনওয়েভ দেখুন। C1,C2 = 100nF এর সাথে উৎপন্ন ফ্রিকোয়েন্সি 100Hz এবং C1,C2 = 1nF এর সাথে 10KHz কিন্তু R5 এর সমন্বয় প্রয়োজন। উন্নত কর্মক্ষমতার জন্য উচ্চ লাভ ট্রানজিস্টর পছন্দনীয়।
Here the popular 555 timing IC, is wired as a monostable. The timing period is precise and equivalent to:-
1.1 x R1 x C1
With component values shown this works out at approximately 1.1msec.The output duration is independant
of the input trigger pulse, and the output from the 555 is buffered and can directly interface to CMOS or
TTL IC's, providing that the supply voltages match that of the logic family.
The timing diagram above shows the output pulse duration, the trigger input and the output at the
discharge terminal of the IC.
the weeds or bushes. Here is a circuit I've shamelessly swiped from George Steiner's book "A to Z - Radio
Control Electronic Journal" that may help you find your glider. I modified the circuit to use parts currently
available at your local Radio Shack store, and modified it to decrease false triggering from low voltage
spikes in the on-board power system when full sized or higher torque servos are used.
Your transmitter sends a set of pulses to your receiver every 20 milliseconds, and your receiver in turn
sends an individual pulse to each of your servos at the same interval. This circuit is a pulse omission
detector--an alarm sounds when the pulses, originating from your transmitter, are no longer present. By
plugging this circuit into an unused servo socket on your receiver, you can turn on the alarm by turning off
your transmitter.
The first capacitor C1 filters out DC voltage, preventing an aggressive automatic gain control of some
current receivers from shutting off the alarm even when your transmitter is off. The first transistor Q1
serves to flip the pulse to negative modulation that the 555 needs. The C2 capacitor and the R4 resistor
establish the time interval--if no pulse is received in the time it takes to charge the capacitor through the
resistor, the alarm sounds. The interval is the resistance multiplied by the capacitance: 1uF x 47k =
0.000001F x 47000 ohms = 0.047sec = 47msec which is a little over twice the standard 20msec R/C frame
rate--this device uses a little longer interval than the frame rate to prevent false triggering. The other
capacitor C3 smoothes the control voltage on the 555, preventing false triggering from spikes in the supply
voltage. Unless a pulse opens the Q2 transistor to drain the C2 capacitor before the capacitor is fully
charged, the pin 6 threshold senses a high voltage and triggers the output pin 3 to go low, sinking current
across the buzzer and making noise. With the reset pin 4 high, the discharge pin 7 drains the capacitor,
and the cycle starts again.
The circuit draws 1mA (!) when idle and 4 mA when buzzing. I've been using large peizo buzzers (see part
numbers below) because they are light and loud, and the 6 volt electromagnetic buzzer where weight is not
so much of a concern.
The circuit uses your receiver battery for power. For the ultimate in reliability, you can use an additional
battery to supply the alarm as follows. Connect only signal and negative leads to your receiver socket, and
connect the second battery positive to positive circuit lead and negative to negative circuit lead. You will
need to put some kind of switch in series with the second battery to keep it from running the alarm when
you are not flying. With the extra battery, you will still be able to find your plane if your plane went down
380
because of a receiver battery failure, or if your receiver battery fell out in the crash. You can use a nine
volt battery for this, but be careful to NOT connect the nine volt battery to your receiver--or you will smoke
your receiver. Note: Do NOT solder to a button battery--they explode.
Here are few Radio Shack parts numbers. You can substitute other types of capacitors; tantalum capacitors
are just physically smaller. Polarity of the tantalum capacitor probably does not matter at this low voltage
(compared to the rated maximum voltage), but to be particular, the positive lead would be directed toward
the input signal lead and away from the negative side. Power in this circuit is minimal and you can use the
smallest resistors you can get your hands on (get 1/8 watt if you can, but any power rating will work).
273-065 peizo buzzer
273-054 electric buzzer
276-1604 2N3906-type PNP transistors, 15 per
276-2016 2N3904 NPN transistor
276-1723 LM555 timer IC
272-1434 1uF tantalum capacitor
271-xxx 1/4 watt resistors (10k, 47k, 4.7k, 5 per)
George Steiner's book, crammed with cool R/C radio info, can be had for $19.95 postage paid from the
This circuit uses the versatile MAX038 function generator. Although in this circuit some of the advanced
characteristics of this IC are disabled, you can generate Sine, Triangle, Square waves (adjusting A0 and A1
pins see datasheet on www.maxim-ic.com if you want other waves, use a switch).
The signal is amplified through a TCA0372 (from ONSEMI) Power opamp with current capability up to 1A
and bandwitch up to 1 MHz.
I selected this particular frequency (122 Khz) because i needed a cheapo ESR-o-meter for my electrolytic
capacitors to monitor their health as they have to discharge tens of amperes in less than 2 ms. At 122 KHz
capacitive reactance is very low, and inductive reactance isn't so high, so forcing a current (es 200mA,
using a precision resistor) through a capacitor and reading AC voltage drop accross it gives me an
estimation of ESR (Vdrop/current). Of course inductive and capacitive reactance are still present, but
negligible.Let's back to the circuit.
peration:
The 122 khz 2V p-p sine wave is generated by the MAX038 IC, its frequency can be calculated by the
formula Freq (MHz) = Iin(uA) / C6 (pf) Iin = 2,5V / R1 (25Kohm default). So the freq is 0,122 MHz . The
resistor is for small adjustments, don't go under 10000 Kohm or above 40000 Kohm because the accuracy
will drop. If you want multifrequency just use the multiposition switch with 820 pF, 8,2 nF , 82nF , 820 nf
for 122Khz range 12,2Khz range 1220 Hz and 122 Hz. Fine tuning can be done adjusting R2 , the
frequency can vary from 1,7x (Vfadj = -2,4) to 0,3x (Vfadj = 2,4) of the main frequency (when fadj is at
0V).
The sine wave output is feed into a TCA0372 1/2 opamp to achieve a gain from 1 to 5 (2V p-p, 10 V p-p),
adjust the potenziometer and into a TCA0372 2/2 opamp buffer stage also present on the same IC.
Important:
Adjusting the frequency needs a frequency counter, so this circuit should be used on conjunction with a
freq couter. The max current is 1A, but i would suggesto to not go above 0,5A to remain accurate. Needs a
computer power supply with 12V,5V,-5V,-12V,GND to be operated, if you don't have one just use a
multivoltage mains transformer (15 watt is enough) diode bridges (low current 1-2 Amps), smoothing
capacitors 10000uF 16V, and voltage regulators such as LM7905 and LM7912.
